Occupational Safety and Health Essay Example

Occupational Safety and Health Essay Occupational Safety and Health †¢ Introduction †¢ HIRARC †¢ OSH Legislation †¢ Inspections †¢ Safety Audits †¢ Responsibilities †¢ Influenza A (H1N1) HIRARC We need to know about OSH because: 1. It is a requirement under the law (OSHA and its Regulations);  Ã‚   2. We need to make provisions for securing the safety, health and welfare of our colleagues; 3. We need to make provisions for protecting our clients against risks to safety or health in connection with our trade and activities. In order for us to achieve the objectives of OSH we need to look into HIRARC which is the basis of occupational safety and health. HIRARC is a compound word which is made up of three consecutive activities running one after the other. The activities consist of Hazard Indentification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Hazard indentification is the recognising of things which may cause injury or harm to a person. Risk assessment is the looking at the possibility of injury or harm occuring to a person if exposed to a hazard. The introduction of measures which will eliminate or reduce the risk of a person being exposed to a harzard is known as Risk control. We need to know about HIRARC because: †¢ it is the core business of all OSH personnel, safety committee members, supervisors etc. †¢ it is a DIRECTIVE from the Chief Secretary of the government service to all government departments and agencies through its  letter of directive: UPTM 159/267/50 Klt. 4 dated 20th of August 2004. Before  the proccess of identifying any hazards begin, it is necessary to know how to classify what is hazard, risk and danger. Hazard anything that can cause harm. †¢ Risk a  probability of harm actually being done. †¢ Danger the relative exposure to a hazard. Hazards can be sub-classified into health or safety hazards. Examples of  health hazards are: †¢ Physical (noise, heat, radiation, vibration, pressure, machinery, electricity etc. ); †¢ Chemical (gases, vapours, acids, alkali, pois ons, aerosols, irritants etc. ); †¢ Biological (pathogens, fungi, other micro organisms etc. ; †¢ Psychosocial (stress, social problems, accidents at workplace/home, fear of failure, retrenchment etc. ); †¢ Ergonomic (workplace design, layout of workstation, excessive manual handling, design of tools etc. ) Examples of Safety hazards are: †¢ Mechanical (cuts, entanglement etc); †¢ Heights (falling objects etc); †¢ Electrical (shock, burns etc); †¢ Fire/Explosion (burns, injury, death etc); †¢ Confined space (poisoning etc) Hazards can be identified through the means: 1. Risk analysis 2. Workplace inspection . Safety audits 4. Job safety analysis 5. Feedback from workers 6. Observations 7. Advice from specialists 8. Accident records 9. MSDS/CSDS etc. Risk assessment can be achieved by: 1. Gathering information about each hazard identified 2. Using of the information to assess the likelihood and consequence of each hazard 3. Producing a qualitative or quantitative risk table  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hierarchy of risk control: 1. Elimination 2. Substitution 3. Isolation 4. Engineering control 5. Administrative control 6. Personal protective equipment We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you know that it is the  duty of our employer under  the Occupational Safety and Health Act 0f 1994 to: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ensure our  safety, health and welfare  at our workplace by: o the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are safe and without risks to health; o making of arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances; o the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work; o maintaining the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks; o the provision and maintenance of a working environment which is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards to facilities for our welfare at work. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formulate safety and hea lth policy: o as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work; o arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out the  policy; o to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice  of all of his employees. c)  Ã‚   Employ a competent person to act as a Safety and Health Officer at the place of work exclusively for the purpose of ensuring the due observance at the place of work of the provisions of the OSHA and its regulations and the promotion of a safe conduct of work at the place of work. )  Ã‚   Establish a  Safety and Health Committee at the place of work if there are 40 or more persons employed at the place of work. e)  Ã‚   Consult the Safety and Health  Committee with a view to the making and maintenance of arrangements which will enable him and his employees to co-operate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure the safety and health at the place of work of the employees and in checking the effectiveness of such measures. f)  Ã‚   Notify the nearest Occupational Safety and Health Office of any accident, dangerous occurrence,  occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or  is likely to occur at the place of work. Neverthel ess, it is our duty as employees to: )  Ã‚   Take reasonable care for the safety and health of ourself and of other persons who may be affected by  our acts or omissions at work; b)  Ã‚   Co-operate with our employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on  our employer or that other person by OSHA; c)  Ã‚   Wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by  our employer for the purpose of preventing risks to our safety and health; d)  Ã‚   Comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by our employer or any other person by or under OSHA or any regulations made thereunder. How to create a safe workplace 1. Anticipate the hazard 2. Identify the hazard 3. Assess the risk 4. Implementing control measures 5. Reviewing of control measures Occupational Safety and Health Essay Example Occupational Safety and Health Essay Occupational Safety and Health †¢ Introduction †¢ HIRARC †¢ OSH Legislation †¢ Inspections †¢ Safety Audits †¢ Responsibilities †¢ Influenza A (H1N1) HIRARC We need to know about OSH because: 1. It is a requirement under the law (OSHA and its Regulations);  Ã‚   2. We need to make provisions for securing the safety, health and welfare of our colleagues; 3. We need to make provisions for protecting our clients against risks to safety or health in connection with our trade and activities. In order for us to achieve the objectives of OSH we need to look into HIRARC which is the basis of occupational safety and health. HIRARC is a compound word which is made up of three consecutive activities running one after the other. The activities consist of Hazard Indentification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Hazard indentification is the recognising of things which may cause injury or harm to a person. Risk assessment is the looking at the possibility of injury or harm occuring to a person if exposed to a hazard. The introduction of measures which will eliminate or reduce the risk of a person being exposed to a harzard is known as Risk control. We need to know about HIRARC because: †¢ it is the core business of all OSH personnel, safety committee members, supervisors etc. †¢ it is a DIRECTIVE from the Chief Secretary of the government service to all government departments and agencies through its  letter of directive: UPTM 159/267/50 Klt. 4 dated 20th of August 2004. Before  the proccess of identifying any hazards begin, it is necessary to know how to classify what is hazard, risk and danger. Hazard anything that can cause harm. †¢ Risk a  probability of harm actually being done. †¢ Danger the relative exposure to a hazard. Hazards can be sub-classified into health or safety hazards. Examples of  health hazards are: †¢ Physical (noise, heat, radiation, vibration, pressure, machinery, electricity etc. ); †¢ Chemical (gases, vapours, acids, alkali, pois ons, aerosols, irritants etc. ); †¢ Biological (pathogens, fungi, other micro organisms etc. ; †¢ Psychosocial (stress, social problems, accidents at workplace/home, fear of failure, retrenchment etc. ); †¢ Ergonomic (workplace design, layout of workstation, excessive manual handling, design of tools etc. ) Examples of Safety hazards are: †¢ Mechanical (cuts, entanglement etc); †¢ Heights (falling objects etc); †¢ Electrical (shock, burns etc); †¢ Fire/Explosion (burns, injury, death etc); †¢ Confined space (poisoning etc) Hazards can be identified through the means: 1. Risk analysis 2. Workplace inspection . Safety audits 4. Job safety analysis 5. Feedback from workers 6. Observations 7. Advice from specialists 8. Accident records 9. MSDS/CSDS etc. Risk assessment can be achieved by: 1. Gathering information about each hazard identified 2. Using of the information to assess the likelihood and consequence of each hazard 3. Producing a qualitative or quantitative risk table  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hierarchy of risk control: 1. Elimination 2. Substitution 3. Isolation 4. Engineering control 5. Administrative control 6. Personal protective equipment We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you know that it is the  duty of our employer under  the Occupational Safety and Health Act 0f 1994 to: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ensure our  safety, health and welfare  at our workplace by: o the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are safe and without risks to health; o making of arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances; o the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work; o maintaining the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks; o the provision and maintenance of a working environment which is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards to facilities for our welfare at work. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Formulate safety and hea lth policy: o as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work; o arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out the  policy; o to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice  of all of his employees. c)  Ã‚   Employ a competent person to act as a Safety and Health Officer at the place of work exclusively for the purpose of ensuring the due observance at the place of work of the provisions of the OSHA and its regulations and the promotion of a safe conduct of work at the place of work. )  Ã‚   Establish a  Safety and Health Committee at the place of work if there are 40 or more persons employed at the place of work. e)  Ã‚   Consult the Safety and Health  Committee with a view to the making and maintenance of arrangements which will enable him and his employees to co-operate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure the safety and health at the place of work of the employees and in checking the effectiveness of such measures. f)  Ã‚   Notify the nearest Occupational Safety and Health Office of any accident, dangerous occurrence,  occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or  is likely to occur at the place of work. Neverthel ess, it is our duty as employees to: )  Ã‚   Take reasonable care for the safety and health of ourself and of other persons who may be affected by  our acts or omissions at work; b)  Ã‚   Co-operate with our employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on  our employer or that other person by OSHA; c)  Ã‚   Wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by  our employer for the purpose of preventing risks to our safety and health; d)  Ã‚   Comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by our employer or any other person by or under OSHA or any regulations made thereunder. How to create a safe workplace 1. Anticipate the hazard 2. Identify the hazard 3. Assess the risk 4. Implementing control measures 5. Reviewing of control measures

If You Love The Headline Analyzer, Just Wait Until You See This... Think #Social Media

If You Love The Headline Analyzer, Just Wait Until You See This... Think #Social Media Repeat what you know works. ^^^ Thats p-r-e-t-t-t-t-y good advice. And we know you LOVE the Headline Analyzer to help you optimize your content titles to get more traffic, higher search engine rankings, and more social shares. So YOU are getting a brand new FREE tool to help you get BIGGER results from your social media marketing! Its the Social Message  Optimizer. And it will help you boost your social media engagement for every message you write (and its 100% backed by REAL- and never-before-seen, proprietary- data)! When you use the Social Message  Optimizer, youll Stop guessing!  Learning + remembering the mechanics/best practices to write amazing messages for every social network is overwhelming  (to say the least). With the Social Message  Optimizer,  you have a clear starting point! Write your message, review how it will perform in every social network, and optimize it for each network  based on real data. Get immediate feedback to improve fast. Sometimes you just need to bounce ideas off someone to improve your work.  The Social Message  Optimizer is your expert social media consultant that is always available to help you A/B test + enhance your shares before you post them. Boost your engagement!  Capture more eyeballs with your messages to get even more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks than you do today. Optimize your messages according to social network best practices backed by science to increase your reach. I am envisioning you look like this right now: ^^^ And that is pretty much what I look like as Im writing this post, too, btw (so you are in good company)! Who knows you may even get private access to an exclusive pre-launch  period with the Social Message  Optimizer before it launches to the public. Now that that is out of the way What Exactly Is The Social Message  Optimizer? Its a tool that will help you  get more engagement from your social media messages. Step 1: Type your social media message into the Social Message  Optimizer and hit Score My Message! Step 2: Review your messages performance on each social network. Step 3: Follow the prompts from the Social Message  Optimizer to  improve your messages score for each network. Step 4: Get more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks for every social media message you schedule.  Ã°Å¸â„¢Å' Why Should You Use (AKA Be Super Excited About) The Social Message  Optimizer? The Social Message  Optimizer is backed by data from  6,399,322 of the top social media messages sent through . Yep. ^^ Thats kinda crazy. The question we aimed to answer with the study: What are the mechanics behind the most engaging social media messages? Because Engagement is a huge word in social media marketing these days. Sharing engaging content helps you build a loyal social media following. So†¦ how can you do that? Use the free Social Message  Optimizer from your friends at . 😉 It’s like having a data-driven social media consultant at your fingertips to help you optimize your shares. The Social Message  Optimizer analyzes your Message type: Should you use link, image, video, or text?  You may be surprised  about the messages that tend to get the most engagement on the specific social networks. Characters: How long should your social media message be? There is an ideal length for maximum engagement on every  network. Hashtags: How many hashtags should you use? Some networks do best with zero whereas others require a few. Emojis: Should you use emojis in your message? And if so, how many? Sentiment: Is your message positive or negative? Pull on those emotional heartstrings to get even more engagement. and it gives you a score for every social network. Your goal is to get a score of 70 or higher. So now youll  forget the overwhelming process of trying to remember all the mechanics/best practices behind writing amazing social media messages. You’ll get immediate feedback from the Social Message  Optimizer to improve fast. And all of that will boost your engagement. Imagine way more likes, comments, shares, and link clicks.  Youll easily optimize your messages to increase your reach on every network. When Will  The Social Message  Optimizer Launch? The Social Message  Optimizer is scheduled to launch in May 2017. That is subject to change, so you should stay tuned. Again, you can subscribe to this special email list to get updates and be the first to know when the Social Message  Optimizer is  live

Strategic Management Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management Theories - Essay Example Strategic management theorists have over the years developed various tools to help managers in formulating strategies for organisational success. These include the SWOT analysis, Ansoffs matrix, PESTLE, and Porters five forces among others. These tools assess the threats and opportunities as well as the strengths and weaknesses for the firm and enable it to capitalise on them. The Porters five forces and the generic strategies have been widely used by companies to assess the attractiveness of the industry and their competitive position hence are able to formulate strategies to gain competitive advantage in the industry. The five forces include: competitor rivalry, threat of close substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and threat of new entrants. The five forces will be used in this paper to assess the competitive position of the UK fire service and the strategies employed by the company. Rivalry in the industry is more apparent where are there are exi sting businesses and threat of entry and exit is high. Firms compete on price, new products, technology, advertisements and on customer service. According to Porter (1998) rivalry results from slow growth within the industry, high fixed costs, lack of differentiation, diverse competitors, and equally balance companies among others. Intense rivalry has a great impact on price and profitability of the firm especially if there are close substitute products in the industry. The UK fire service is a parastatal which operates under separate legislation and administrative arrangements of devolved governments of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) is funded and governed by the fire authority. There are various fire brigades in each country under local authorities but in North Ireland, there is only one statutory corporation funded by department of health, social services and public safety (UK Fire Service, 2012). As such, there are no strong com petitors in the fire industry since most services are offered for free by the government. However, there are competitors such as DDA fire ltd which is the largest private fire service in UK offering specialist fire and safety, high profile health and safety consultancy and sales services to private sector (DDA, 2012). Some of the FRS in UK include: fire fire and rescue services in Scotland, Strathclyde with 111 fire stations strategically placed in Scotland, NIFRS in N.Ireland with 68 stations and the London FRS under the fire authority. There is no intense rivalry in the industry hence it is attractive for investment. Another force as portrayed by porter is the bargaining power of suppliers in the industry which has an effect on prices and quality of products. According to Porter (1998) a high bargaining power is achieved when there are few companies or suppliers in the industry. It also occurs when there are no close substitutes such that even if the suppliers offered high prices, the industry would still take it since there is no option. If the product is essential in the industry, the suppliers may also have power over it. The suppliers can also threaten to integrate forward hence becoming a threat to the industry. However, De Wit and Meyer (2010) argue that forming the right strategy can alter the power of

The value of liquid based cytology compared to conventional smear in Essay

The value of liquid based cytology compared to conventional smear in fine neddle aspiration of cytology - Essay Example Also termed as Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), it is a simple, quick and inexpensive method used to diagnose superficial surface masses, and is especially useful in sampling the accessible head and neck masses in outpatient department (Pilotti et al 1993). Masses located within the region of the head and neck, including salivary gland and thyroid gland, cervical masses and nodules, and intraoral lesions can be readily diagnosed using this technique. It is the procedure of choice in outpatient departments, especially for the lesion of head and neck. Some of such studies have been considered here to comprehend the differences and efficacies of each of the two techniques FNAC proves to be better than conventional smear in a number of ways. It is relatively safe since it is pretty much noninvasive when it comes to diagnosing malignancies, to which the only alternative before the advent of FNA was open excision biopsy. The most commonly encountered lesions in this area are lumps or swellings. The differential is important to rule out the malignancy, which is the most suspected diagnosis (Lee et al 1987, Skoog et al 2009). The technique is relatively easy to perform, fairly accurate and well tolerated by the patients. It is associated with low morbidity as it causes minimal suffering and carries next to no risk of complications. Its accuracy turns out to be the major reason for its preference over the conventional Pap smear. Numerous studies have been conducted in the area to analyze the advantages and pitfalls of both the techniques. The critical review below will outline various studies and help establish a view point about the two and reveal the superiority of FNAC. 1. Parfitt et al (2007) conducted a research to analyze the accuracy given by the two techniques. CS offers more accurate diagnosis more often. Accuracy offered by CS was 57% as compared to just 42% with that of thinprep. Thinprep has a higher

Case study Organizational Behavior Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Behavior - Case Study Example It will analyze various aspects of the scenario, including the conflict, differences in personality characteristics of the two main role players, communication status, perception and projection, and the attribution theory. Susan and Julie both work at the same university. It is Julie’s responsibility to complete reports for some of the other workers in the company, including Susan. There was a report that Susan wanted completed by a certain time that Julie did not complete. This caused an eruption of strife. Susan complained that Julie needed close supervision to stay on task and that she was not performing as well as the others who had similar position in the company. Julie found Susan to be overbearing and difficult to communicate with. Both of them decided to take their complaints to Dr. Griffiths, the department chair Julie is the laid-back, middle-classed office worker who likes to keep banker’s hours. In addition to her career she has a family that she is devoted to as well as many other activities that she engages in to assist the community. Clearly from her level of community activism, Julie is a person that believes in compassion and helping others. It is this belief that is going to play a major role in her conflict at work. Also adding fuel to the conflict is the fact that Julie does not like to take her work home. She enjoys her job and the level of pay that she receives, but does not want to let the job be the major focus of her life. Susan, on the other hand, is a type A personality. She works long and hard at her career, leaving little time for anything else. Due to the high workload that Susan takes on regularly, she is often hard to contact. Her time is usually always devoted to something work related. The focus of Susan’s life is climbing up the corporate ladder. Her belief system has helped her to obtain the level of success that she has accomplished thus far and she believes that others

Economy During Civil War and Slavery

Economy During Civil War and Slavery Group A: Colonial Experience 3. How could each of the various labor arrangements extant in the colonies be characterized? Why did the mix of people working under different arrangements change over time? The labor arrangements in colonial times widely varied from indentured servitude, redemptioners, prisoners, African slaves, to those from the free population. Indentured servants were individuals contracted to a certain type of work for an agreed upon amount of time, typically lasting from four to seven years (Hughes Cain, 2007). Their contracted work is in return for transportation across the Atlantic, as well as food, clothing, housing and perhaps training in a specific craft. Redemptioners were immigrants from Europe who were brought over by ship captains and were allowed a specified time to pay the captain back after arrival; according to Hughes Cain, payments were often made by placing one of their children into indentured servitude. While the transportation of prisoners over to colonial America was not the most popular of methods to acquire workers, it was still an important one nonetheless. Men and women convicted of a crime punishable by death in England were allowed to liv e on the condition of transporting themselves elsewhere. Ship captains welcomed prisoners on their voyage, as they proved to be a valuable commodity since they would trade them for produce before making the voyage back to Europe. The most well-known of all labor arrangements was that of African slaves. They were not protected as British subjects nor had any status in court, which means the slaves were unable to contract their own labor. Slaves were also considered their master’s property for life, including any children the slaves may bear. Lastly, the final form of labor was those from the free population who on their own funds purchased transportation to the colonies, which therefore made them eligible for individual land grants. Over time, indentutured servants became less enticing to employers, as slaves were cheaper for unskilled labor; most indentured servants were eventually replaced by African slaves or white servants. Once America gained its independence, British prisoners were understandably less welcomed in the new country as well. As new circumstances arise, the labor market changes accordingly to fit with the needs of the new market. Group B: Slavery and the Civil War 4. In what ways were the economic situations and economic policy interests of the south and other regions shared and different, in the years leading up to the civil war? While the Civil War mainly revolved around the fundamental differences between the north and the south, often times the similarities of economic policy of the two sides can be overlooked. For starters, both economies relied heavily on farming and they both used similar methods while working the land, even if the north was far more advanced from an industrial manufacturing point of view. As far as the economic differences, one need not look any further than the labor market of the two sides. In the south, the labor market was obviously driven by slave labor, as that was one of their main fighting points and a direct reason for secession; while the north did not allow slavery, but as a consequence, the labor was significantly more expensive than that of the south. Tariffs were a fundamental difference between the two sides as well; the south opposed tariffs entirely, as they wanted to keep the price of imported goods low. The north on the other hand was a proponent of imposing high tar iffs; this is because the higher the tariff from other countries, the more competitive the price of goods produced in the north would be. Without such tariffs, the goods from Europe were a cheaper option for the south to purchase, instead of directly benefitting the northern economy. As Baack and Ray assert, â€Å"the fact that tariff cuts were systematically associated with fast growth industries†¦lends support to our contention that tariff rates across industries and tariff changes over time were structured to serve the narrow economic protectionist needs of special interest groups† (Hughes Cain, 2007). The north had narrow interests in supporting their own economy and imposing tariffs served as that protection for special interest groups, exactly as Baack and Ray contended. This idea also lends itself with the concept of infant industry, where new economies may achieve domestic economic growth if only they initially shield themselves from foreign competition. The fin al difference lied in industrial manufacturing, as it was almost solely occurring in the north while the south had little involvement in the initial American industrial revolution. Group C: The Nineteenth Century 8. What were the key characteristics of industrialization in US, and important contributing factors? Immediately following the Civil War, the United States underwent what is now referred to as the â€Å"industrialization† process, where production by machine replaced manual labor and where new inventions and applied science were greatly emphasized. Some key characteristics of American industrialization include an increasing proportion of workers involved with manufacturing, as well as an overall greater availability of labor. Hughes and Cain (2007, p. 343) contend, â€Å"[w]orkers generally made their way into the industries experiencing the most rapid growth and demand for labor, producing relatively rapid labor force expansion.† Other key characteristics included growth of a national transportation network and expanded markets with ability to move products and raw materials quickly. Industrialization necessitated a wide-reaching transportation system for rapid movement of raw materials and finished products, which gave way for the steam engine and the railroad system . As Hughes and Cain (2007, p. 287) assert, â€Å"[t]he products of farm and factory, thousands of miles apart in their origins, were now easily mixed in the country’s new establishments of manufacturing and distribution.† The rail network provided a way for products to be shipped from New York to far reaching west coast towns at a pace previously unimagined. Isolated markets quickly became a thing of the past in the United States, as individuals living in previously unreached economies now had the access to products that were completely unavailable before the advent of the railroad. One of the final key characteristics of American industrialization included a steady increase in size and population of urban areas. As the population and labor availability increased, cities meant jobs and a variety of opportunities for a myriad of individuals. The extent of the economic scale of cities includes: transportation, education, medicine, sewage systems, central water, commutat ion, etc. The different amenities and job prospect attracted individuals to urban areas across the United States. Industrialization was clearly a major component of the advanced society of today, as it connected America through transportation, communication, utilizing cheaper raw goods, and taking advantage of an abundance of employment opportunities.

Dance Therapy Essay -- History Health Therapy Dancing Essays

Dance Therapy Dance therapy is a type of psychotherapy that uses movement to further the social, cognitive, emotional, and physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening illnesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research. Dance therapists try to help people develop communication skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability. Origins Dance therapy began as a profession in the 1940s with the work of Marian Chace. A modern dancer, she began teaching dance after ending her career with the Denishawn Dance Company in 1930. In her classes, she noticed that some of her students were more interested in the emotions they expressed while dancing (loneliness, shyness, fear, etc.) than the mechanics of the moves. She began encouraging them by emphasizing more freedom of movement rather than technique. In time, doctors in the community started sending her patients. They included antisocial children, people with movement problems, and those with psychiatric illnesses. Eventually, Chace became part of the staff of the Red Cross at St. Elizabeth's Hospital. She was the first dance therapist employed in a formal position by the federal government. Chace worked with the emotionally troubled patients at St. Elizabeth's and tried to get them to reach out to others through dance. Some of them were schizophrenics and others were former servicemen suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Success for these patients meant being able to participate with their class in moving to rhythmic music. "This rhythmic action in unison with others results in a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and good fellowship," Chace said once. Chace eventually studied at the Washington School of Psychiatry and began making treatment decisions about her patients along with other members of the St. Elizabeth's medical team. Her work attracted many followers and the first dance therapy interns began learning and teaching dance therapy at St. Elizabeth's in the 1950s. Other dancers also began using dance therapy in the 1940s to help people feel more comfortable with thems... ...d to practice. After two years they may receive an additional recognition when they become an Academy of Dance Therapist Registered. They can then teach dance therapy and can supervise interns. Dance therapists can also obtain psychological credentials by taking a test and becoming registered by the National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. Key Terms Authentic movement A type of movement that is influenced heavily by Jungian analysis, and works by analyzing the internal images of the patient. Patients are also urged to dance only when they feel the "impulse" to move. Freudian analysis A type of psychological treatment where the therapist seeks to help the patient resolve conflicts and traumas buried in the subconscious. Jungian analysis A method of psychological treatment where the patient strives to understand the internal, often mythic images in his or her thoughts and dreams. Psychotherapy A medical treatment that seeks to resolve psychological traumas and conflicts, often by discussing them and emotionally reliving difficult events in the past. Test anxiety A name for the stress and anxiousness that commonly occur in students before they take exams.